Abstract
Volumetric muscle loss (VML) is the loss of skeletal muscle as a result of trauma or surgery, and can result in significant functional impairment. It affects veterans disproportionately in comparison to civilians, as 92% of warfighters with muscle deformities have VML (Corona et al., 2015). In order for a tissue engineering construct, conditioned using this capstone bioreactor, to be effective in the target clinical population, the social sensitivities surrounding the VML population must be well-researched and considered. This technical capstone partially concerns how medical conditions hurt some populations more than others and considers that treatments must be equitable in medicine. As VML injuries affect some populations disproportionately in comparison to others, the broader question follows—are some groups affected by certain phenomena more than others? This curiosity is explored in the case of a recent class-action lawsuit titled Whipple v Johnson & Johnson Consumer Inc. in which the Johnson & Johnson’s OGX Shampoo and Conditioner line is contested to have harmful levels of a carcinogenic compound with a lack of appropriate contingency measures taken by the company (Whipple, 2021). With the recent rise of the natural hair movement, most prominent in the curly hair demographic, companies are responding by catering new products and marketing to natural, curly hair. This phenomenon begs the question whether certain minority groups have been affected by this harmful compound (Simeon, 2021). The relationship between hair care companies and their users, including the sociotechnical aspects of hair beauty and medicine, must be examined to better understand what responsibility these companies have as large influencers in the hair care space. The final sociotechnical deliverable is a virtue ethics analysis of the evolving relationship between hair care companies and hair care consumers, how minority populations are affected in this relationship, and what responsibility companies hold in this equation.
Volumetric Muscle Loss (VML) injuries are debilitating and affect veterans disproportionately in comparison to civilians as 92% of warfighters with muscle deformities have VML (Corona et al., 2015). These injuries result in permanent loss of muscle tissue and function and in extreme cases, the consequent loss of whole-body function. Current research in the regenerative medicine space targeted towards VML injury repair fails to reconstruct the cellular environment of the neuromuscular junction (NMJ), and there is a need for a technology that holistically mimics the chemical, electrical, and mechanical forces of the NMJ. In efforts to address this need, the Caliari Lab at the University of Virginia Department of Chemical Engineering is building a collagen-glycosaminoglycan-polypyrrole (CG-PPy) scaffolds to better mimic the three-dimensional, anisotropically aligned, and electrically conductive NMJ and research neural and muscle cell growth on this novel tissue engineering construct (Basurto et al., 2021). A component of this five-year research proposal includes electrical and mechanical conditioning of the cell-seeded-scaffold to align the particles for optimal cell growth which is achieved by the final technical deliverable of the capstone research team. The capstone team has been tasked with designing and fabricating an electromechanical bioreactor capable of electrically and mechanically stimulating the cell-seeded-scaffold in a cell-incubator environment. The final technical deliverable is a working prototype of the bioreactor with an interface to adjust the electrical and mechanical stimulation along with preliminary testing data.
Shampoo is the most frequent type of cosmetic hair treatment, used by 307.84 million Americans (Statista Research Department, 2020). This research explores the patterns of hair care and beauty in the 21st century, namely the natural hair movement, and questions the responsibility of companies in the exchange between hair care consumers and producers from a deontological ethics perspective. More specifically, it asks— To what extent have historical paradigm shifts in the hair care industry propagated texturism and set the precedent for poor hair care safety and access to Black communities? The natural hair care movement will be evaluated from a paradigm shift perspective, while the ethical considerations for all parties involved in hair-care consumerism will be evaluated from a deontological and virtue ethics perspective. This research is important to evaluate the safety measures in place to protect both the consumer who uses the ingredients in commercially manufactured hair care products and manufacturing companies who may be accused of poor formulation or manufacturing. Ultimately, the research addresses the regulation of hair care products through policy, but also through consumer-manufacturer dynamics to evaluate where ethical responsibility should be placed. Results will inform consumers with potential solutions such as increased transparency and data availability between the consumer and manufacturer parties to create a more collective ethical responsibility and ensure the safety of both the consumer and manufacturer in the United States consumer society.
Developing these projects together has allowed for an understanding of how disparities affect various populations across the board—from the medical industry to the cosmetic industry, the way that manufacturers consider diversity of the market in research and development affects the safety and effectiveness of the product on the end user. This can often be biased toward the majority makeup of the target population, but can disproportionately affect minorities. Ultimately, this research allows for a broader understanding of equity, and how equitable practices can be improved by manufacturers in all industries.
