Development of a Custom 3D Printed Plantarflexion Stop for Foot Drop; A Stakeholder Analysis of Patient Reported Outcomes Measures(PROM) in Healthcare

My first introduction to Patient-Reported Outcome Measures (PROMs) began with the Hermes Ankle-Foot Orthosis (AFO), a device developed by Icarus Medical to treat foot drop. Numerous clinical studies incorporate PROMs as a measure to assess treatment effectiveness; yet, I had never witnessed or experienced these tools in daily clinical practice. As a biomedical engineering undergraduate, this seemed counterintuitive and contradictory to the point of healthcare — putting patients' welfare first. When I learned about the theory of the Social Construction of Technology (SCOT), it occurred to me that the lack of PROM implementation must be rooted in the stakeholders of healthcare.

Thus, this paper focuses on examining the implementation of PROMs through a sociotechnical framework that prioritizes interdisciplinary collaboration and the SCOT framework. The analysis highlights the distinct values and needs each stakeholder group brings to the design and implementation of PROMs. Clinicians seek usability and clinical relevance; patients value accessibility and clarity, and policymakers aim for standardization and measurable outcomes. Designing PROM systems, therefore, demands interdisciplinary coordination to balance these technical, clinical, and social priorities, ensuring that the systems are not only functionally robust but also human-centered and user-friendly.

The study concludes that technological innovation alone cannot overcome the barriers to PROM adoption without equal investment in human-centered strategies. Effective implementation requires co-designing digital interfaces with patients, reengineering clinical workflows to support new survey data streams, and shaping policies that promote patient engagement and clinician usability. Through stakeholder analysis focused on upholding patient-centered design principles, PROMs can move beyond technical deployment to become truly integrated tools for advancing patient-centered care.

School of Engineering and Applied Science

Bachelor of Science in Biomedical Engineering

Technical Advisor: Cole Yantiss

STS Advisor: Richard Jacques

Technical Team Members: Miranda Sedehi, Cooper Wyatt